Uterine Cancer
Prof. Dr. Süleyman Salman
Uterine Cancer
Uterine cancer is a type of cancer that develops when the cells lining the uterus, one of a woman's reproductive organs, multiply uncontrollably. The uterus, along with the vagina and ovaries, forms a woman's reproductive system, and this type of cancer usually begins in the endometrium, the lining of the uterus. Also known as endometrial cancer, this type of cancer is more common in postmenopausal women, although younger women can also develop the disease.
Uterine cancer is one of the most common gynecological cancers in women worldwide. The disease is often asymptomatic in its early stages, but symptoms become more pronounced as it progresses. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment for uterine cancer increase patients' chances of recovery.
Causes and Risk Factors of Uterine Cancer
While there's no definitive cause of uterine cancer, certain factors can increase the risk of developing it. High levels of the hormone estrogen, in particular, can significantly increase the risk of uterine cancer. Additionally, factors such as obesity, early menstruation, and late menopause are also associated with the development of uterine cancer. Diabetes, high blood pressure, and genetic predisposition may also be contributing factors. Other groups at increased risk of uterine cancer include those with a family history of uterine cancer, those receiving long-term estrogen therapy, and women who have previously had breast cancer.
Uterine Cancer Symptoms
There are usually no symptoms in the early stages of uterine cancer, but as the disease progresses, the following symptoms may appear:
Abnormal vaginal bleeding: Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding, or excessive bleeding that is different from menstrual bleeding, is the most common symptom of this type of cancer.
Pelvic pain: Uterine cancer can cause pain in the pelvic area. This pain becomes more pronounced as the cancer progresses.
Vaginal discharge: Vaginal discharge that is unusual, bloody, or foul-smelling can also be a warning sign.
Difficulty urinating: If cancer affects the urinary tract, difficulty urinating may occur.
Weight loss and fatigue: In the advanced stages of the disease, weight loss and extreme fatigue may occur throughout the body.
Since these symptoms can also be caused by other disorders, a doctor's examination is necessary for a definitive diagnosis.
Uterine Cancer Diagnosis
Several different tests can be used to diagnose uterine cancer. Doctors typically evaluate the patient's history and symptoms before scheduling the necessary tests. The most common diagnostic methods include:
Pap Smear (Cervical Cancer Screening Test): A Pap smear can detect cancer and precancerous conditions by examining cells from the cervix. However, this test is used to screen for cervical cancer, not uterine cancer directly.
Endometrial Biopsy: A sample is taken from the inner layer of the uterus to check for the presence of cancerous cells.
Ultrasonography: An ultrasound to see the inside of the uterus can help assess the spread of cancer.
Hysteroscopy: This is an examination method that involves inserting a camera into the uterus. Changes in the endometrium can be directly observed.
Uterine Cancer Treatment
Treatment methods for uterine cancer vary depending on the stage of the cancer, the patient's general health, and their age. The main treatment methods include:
Surgical intervention: Surgery is the most common treatment for uterine cancer. During the procedure, the uterus (hysterectomy) and sometimes surrounding tissue (ovaries, fallopian tubes, and lymph nodes) may be removed. A hysterectomy aims to completely remove the cancer.
Radiotherapy (Radiation Therapy): If surgery cannot remove the tumor or if the cancer recurs, radiotherapy can be used to target the cancer cells. This treatment kills the cancer cells.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that aims to kill cancer cells. It is usually used in advanced stages of cancer or in cases of recurrence.
Hormone Therapy: Hormone therapy involves using medications that reduce the effects of estrogen hormones to prevent cancer growth. This treatment is especially effective for estrogen-sensitive cancers.
Immunotherapies and Targeted Therapy: These treatment methods either strengthen the immune system to prevent cancer cells from growing or target cancer cells directly.
Uterine Cancer and Lifestyle Changes
Certain lifestyle changes may be recommended for successful uterine cancer treatment. These include a healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding stress. Furthermore, staying under medical supervision throughout the treatment process is crucial to prevent any complications.,
In Conclusion
Uterine cancer is a disease that can be managed with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. However, treatment becomes more difficult as the cancer progresses, making it crucial to consult a healthcare professional when symptoms are noticed. For those with certain risk factors for uterine cancer, regular screening tests and early detection will significantly simplify the treatment process.
