Prof. Dr. Süleyman Salman

Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that form within the ovaries, a key component of the female reproductive system. They are typically located on the outer portion of the ovaries and often cause no symptoms. Most ovarian cysts are benign and can disappear on their own over time. However, some cysts can grow and cause pain or other health problems. Ovarian cysts are often associated with factors such as the female menstrual cycle, hormonal changes, and fertility treatments. The type, size, and presence of ovarian cysts can directly affect a woman's health. Functional ovarian cysts occur as part of the menstrual cycle and are generally harmless. The most common of these cysts are follicular cysts and luteal cysts. Follicular cysts develop due to the failure of the follicle to rupture during ovulation and usually disappear within a few months. Luteal cysts, on the other hand, are cysts that form after ovulation and accumulate fluid.

Functional cysts often do not require any treatment and may resolve on their own. However, sometimes these cysts can grow and cause symptoms such as abdominal pain and irregular menstrual cycles.

Pathological ovarian cysts, on the other hand, are nonfunctional, generally more complex, and require treatment. These include endometriomas, dermoid cysts, and serous cysts. Endometriomas are associated with endometriosis and occur when uterine tissue grows outside the uterus. Dermoid cysts are congenital cysts that can often contain various types of tissue, such as teeth and hair. Serous cysts, on the other hand, are fluid-filled and can sometimes become cancerous. Pathological cysts should be monitored more carefully because they carry a cancer risk.

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Most ovarian cysts can exist without symptoms. However, large or pathological cysts can cause pain, abdominal distension, irregular menstrual cycles, and sometimes pain during intercourse. In some cases, cysts can rupture or become infected, requiring urgent intervention. Diagnosis of cysts is usually made through a gynecological examination and ultrasound. Ultrasound is used to visualize the size, shape, and contents of the cyst. In some cases, advanced imaging techniques or blood tests may also be performed.

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Treatment for ovarian cysts varies depending on the type of cyst and the woman's overall health. Functional cysts generally require no treatment and may resolve on their own with monitoring. However, some large or painful cysts may require hormone therapy or surgery. Hormonal therapy can inhibit cyst growth and prevent the formation of new cysts. Surgery is preferred, especially for large and pathological cysts. Laparoscopic surgery is the most common method for cyst removal and is usually performed minimally invasively.

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Surgical intervention for the treatment of ovarian cysts is generally determined by the cyst's size, type, and complications. If the cyst is pathological or carries a risk of cancer, surgical removal of part or all of the ovaries may be necessary. Additionally, for special types of cysts, such as dermoid cysts and endometriomas, different surgical methods may be used depending on the type of cyst. The most appropriate treatment method is selected based on the woman's menstrual cycle, hormone levels, and overall health.

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Ovarian cysts are a significant condition that can affect a woman's overall health, but they are often harmless. However, some cysts can grow and lead to complications. Therefore, regular gynecological examinations are crucial for early diagnosis of ovarian cysts. Cysts diagnosed early generally require less treatment and have a less significant impact on patients' quality of life. Women should be aware of ovarian cysts and consult a specialist if they notice any symptoms.