Prof. Dr. Süleyman Salman

Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the female reproductive organs, usually does not produce hormones, and progresses silently. Because it does not cause symptoms in the early stages, diagnosis is often delayed.

However, various symptoms may develop over time. Ovarian cancer is a disease that varies depending on the woman's age, family history, and risk factors. Ovarian cancer usually begins in the superficial layer of the ovaries.

However, cancer can be divided into different subtypes based on its type and origin. Cancer cells can spread to the inner or outer surface of the ovaries. The way the cancer spreads also influences the course of the disease and treatment options.

Risk Factors

There are many risk factors that predispose to the development of ovarian cancer. The most common of these are:

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Age: The risk of ovarian cancer increases in women aged 50 and over, especially after menopause.

Genetic Factors: Women with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer are at higher risk. BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations may increase this risk.

Hormonal Treatment: Taking long-term hormone therapy after menopause may increase the risk of ovarian cancer.

Fertility-Related Situations: Women who have never given birth and those who have undergone infertility treatment may be at higher risk.

Obesity: A high body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for ovarian cancer.

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Symptoms

In the early stages of ovarian cancer, symptoms may not be very noticeable. However, in later stages, the following symptoms may appear:

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Abdominal pain or bloating

Loss of appetite or weight loss

Frequent urination

Feeling of pressure in the lower abdomen

Menstrual irregularities

Fatigue and weakness

Digestive problems, constipation or diarrhea

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Diagnostic Methods

Ovarian cancer often goes undetected during routine gynecological exams because its symptoms can often be confused with other conditions. However, the main methods used to diagnose it include:

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Pelvic Examination: The doctor checks for any swelling or mass in the abdominal area.

Ultrasonography (USG): Provides detailed images of the ovaries and pelvic area.

CA-125 Test: CA-125 is a protein marker that may be associated with ovarian cancer. However, this test is not always accurate, and other conditions can also increase CA-125 levels.

CT and MRI Scans: It is used to determine the extent of cancer spread.

Laparoscopy: It is checked whether the cancer has spread by direct observation inside the abdomen.

Genetic Tests: BRCA gene testing can be performed in patients with a familial predisposition.

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Treatment Methods

Treatment for ovarian cancer generally depends on the stage of the disease, the type of tumor, and the woman's overall health. The main methods used in ovarian cancer treatment include:

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Surgical Intervention: The cornerstone of ovarian cancer treatment is surgery. It involves removing the tumor and, if necessary, the uterus, fallopian tubes, and lymph nodes.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be administered after surgery to destroy cancer cells. Ovarian cancer generally responds well to chemotherapy.

Radiotherapy: Although rare, radiation therapy may be used in some patients, it is not commonly used for ovarian cancer.

Hormone Therapy: In some cases, hormone therapy can help stop cancer cells from growing.

Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapy offers more specific treatment by focusing on the genetic characteristics of cancer cells.

immunotherapy: It is a type of treatment used to ensure that cancer is recognized and destroyed by the immune system.

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Prognosis and Follow-up

The success rate in ovarian cancer treatment can be high due to early detection. However, treatment challenges increase in patients diagnosed late. Regular post-treatment checkups are crucial to prevent recurrence. Follow-up typically includes physical examinations, imaging tests, and blood tests. Furthermore, the patient's overall health is crucial for maintaining their quality of life.

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In conclusion, although ovarian cancer is a disease that can be successfully treated with early diagnosis, it is very important to raise awareness about this disease and for women to go for regular health check-ups.